Chief Legal Officer (CLO) vs. General Counsel (GC): Roles and Responsibilities

When it comes to in-house legal roles, the titles of Chief Legal Officer (CLO) and General Counsel (GC) are often used interchangeably in various organizations, but they are distinct roles with varying responsibilities. The CLO is a relatively new title, whereas GC is a traditional and widely used title. 

The growing prevalence of the CLO title suggests a shift in the scope of the legal department’s top lawyer to focus on business solutions in addition to legal analysis. 

According to the 2023 Association of Corporate Counsel 2023 Chief Legal Officers Survey (the “CLO Survey”), the percentage of top lawyers with the title “Chief Legal Officer” increased from 21% to 25%, while the title General Counsel for such top lawyers declined by 4%.  

Key Takeaways

• The Chief Legal Officer focuses on business strategy and executive-level decision-making, typically sitting on the C-suite and reporting to the CEO, while the General Counsel manages day-to-day legal operations, including contracts, compliance, and litigation.
• The percentage of top lawyers holding the CLO title increased from 21% to 25% according to the 2023 ACC survey, reflecting an expanded role that combines legal expertise with business acumen and strategic planning.
• Median compensation for both roles is $325,000, though it ranges based on company size and industry, with top GCs at S&P 500 technology companies earning total compensation packages exceeding $13-27 million when including stock awards.
• Companies with complex operations and legal departments of 30+ attorneys often have both a CLO handling board relations and corporate strategy, and a GC managing the legal team and daily legal matters, with the GC reporting to the CLO.

What's the Difference Between the GC and the CLO Role?

The key difference between a CLO and a GC is that the CLO is business-strategy focused and typically sits on the executive team. In contrast, the GC handles daily legal matters and compliance. 

A GC primarily focuses on legal matters, offering legal guidance and support. They ensure that the company complies with all applicable legal requirements. On the other hand, a CLO offers business advice in addition to legal counsel. This role requires a combination of legal expertise and business acumen. 

Approximately 20 percent of CLOs’ responsibilities extend beyond the legal department, encompassing the oversight of additional departments or areas such as compliance, cybersecurity response, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives, ethics, government affairs, privacy, and risk management.

81% of CLOs in the US report to the CEO and dedicate a substantial portion of their time to high-level strategy and executive advice on key business meetings, including attending board meetings. The CLO role is particularly relevant in larger, multinational corporations that face complex regulatory environments. 

In contrast, the GC is seen as the primary legal expert for day-to-day legal operations, including contract negotiations, compliance, and team management, and is essential across companies of all sizes for their legal expertise.

Key Differences between CLO vs. GC

Chief Legal Officer Overview

The CLO role is a C-suite role that expands upon the GC role. It’s a multi-dimensional role that manages the alignment of legal and business strategies. A CLO’s day often requires balancing immediate, tactical decisions and long-term strategic planning. The CLO will partner with the C-Suite on solving business problems while mitigating risk and ensuring legal efficiency. 

According to a 2023 CLO survey, a vast majority of CLOs in the US (81%) report to the CEO. CLOs spend 36% of their time contributing to business strategy and advising executives (13% on strategy development, 12% on board matters and governance issues, and 11% on advising executives on non-legal issues) while spending just 27% of their time providing legal advice. 

While many types of companies can employ a Chief Legal Officer, it’s generally more common in larger, multinational corporations with diversified operations across various sectors. These companies typically face a complex web of regulatory and legal requirements that demand a specialized focus.

Chief Legal Officer Responsibilities

The responsibilities of a CLO may include:

• Advising Senior Leadership and the Board: CLOs serve as the primary legal advisors to the CEO, the board of directors, and other senior management. They interpret laws, rulings, and regulations for them.
• Legal Oversight and Risk Management: CLOs ensure that all company operations are conducted within the confines of the law. This may involve monitoring legal changes that impact the company or its industry and reviewing contracts to ensure compliance with new regulations. It also entails identifying potential legal risks and collaborating with other departments to develop strategies to mitigate them.
• Team Leadership: Leading the legal department, which may include attorneys, compliance, privacy, ethics, and government affairs professionals, and paralegals. This involves hiring internal and external legal teams, ensuring ongoing professional development, and managing resources.  
• Stakeholder Communication: Keeping the board and other stakeholders informed about relevant legal matters, including potential risks and litigation, as well as highlighting the legal department's impact.
• Regulatory Liaising: Engaging with external regulatory bodies and government agencies, ensuring the company is abreast of the latest rules and policies, and maintaining good relations.
• Strategic Planning: Collaborating with business leaders to integrate legal considerations into the company’s broader strategic planning.
• Litigation Management: Managing ongoing litigation, if any, or overseeing outside counsel representing the company in legal proceedings.
• Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): According to the CLO Survey, 23% of CLOs oversee ESG and CSR.
• Continuous Learning: Keeping updated on changes in laws, regulations, and industry best practices that may affect the company, and ensuring the organization adapts accordingly.
• Budget Management: Overseeing the legal department’s budget, ensuring cost-effective solutions, and potentially negotiating with outside legal firms regarding fees or retainers.

General Counsel Overview

Think of the GC as the go-to legal expert for daily operations. While their role may sound similar to that of a CLO, the GC tends to have a more hands-on approach to specific legal matters. 

They are deeply involved in drafting and negotiating contracts, ensuring compliance on a day-to-day basis, and might lead a team of other lawyers and paralegals in the legal department. Their expertise may be more specialized than that of a CLO, having spent years in a particular industry or area of law that aligns with the company’s primary operations.

Regardless of size, any company that deals with legal matters can have a General Counsel. They provide invaluable legal insights and protection.

General Counsel Responsibilities

The responsibilities of a GC may include:

• Representing the Company in Court: A fundamental responsibility of the GC is to act as the face of the company in legal settings. Whether it’s a civil suit, regulatory hearing, or any other judicial proceeding, the GC stands front and center, safeguarding the company’s interests.
• Advising Leadership: GCs serve as legal advisors to company executives and leadership, interpreting laws, rulings, and regulations, and advising on strategy and risk.
• Team leadership: Leading a team of attorneys, paralegals, and other legal professionals. They mentor, delegate tasks, ensure professional development, and maintain a cohesive team to meet the company’s legal needs. They can also provide executive sponsorship for new legaltech adoption initiatives, such as modern intake and workflow automation software.
• Regulatory Compliance: Companies must often navigate a complex web of regulations and compliance requirements established by various government bodies. The GC is at the helm of these interactions, ensuring the company remains in good standing.
• Contract Management: The GC oversees the drafting, review, and negotiation of contracts the company enters into, whether with customers, vendors, or partners. This ensures that the company’s interests are protected and risks are minimized.
• Intellectual Property Protection: Protecting a company’s intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, is another key responsibility of the GC. They work closely with specialists to ensure the company’s innovations and branding are legally secured.
• Ethics and Integrity Oversight: Ensuring that the company adheres to ethical standards is a cornerstone of a GC’s role. They provide guidance on ethical considerations, develop company-wide ethical policies, and create training programs to promote a culture of integrity.
• Crisis Management: In times of corporate crises, such as public relations issues, product recalls, or significant litigation, the GC plays a pivotal role in managing the situation. They advise the leadership on legal implications and potential crisis strategies.
• Stakeholder Communication: The GC often communicates with various stakeholders, including board members, shareholders, and the public. This entails providing updates on major legal events, regulatory changes, and any potential risks or opportunities, as well as highlighting the legal impact on driving revenue or reducing risks.
• Merger & Acquisition (M&A) Activity: If the company is involved in mergers, acquisitions, or divestitures, the GC will be instrumental in guiding the deal structure, due diligence, regulatory approvals, and integration or divestment processes.
• Continuous Learning: The legal landscape is continuously evolving. As such, the GC is responsible for ensuring that they and their team stay up-to-date on the latest legal developments, rulings, legal technologies, and industry trends relevant to the company's operations in the regions where it operates.
  

‍How Much Salary and Other Compensation Does a General Counsel or Chief Legal Officer Make?

According to the 2023 Above the Law and Paragon Legal In-House Compensation Survey Report (the "ABL Survey"), the median compensation for GC and CLO roles is $325,000. Compensation for GCs and CLOs can vary widely based on geography, company size, legal department size, and industry. 

The survey found that the base salaries for GCs and CLOs vary widely, ranging from less than $150,000 to more than $400,000. While 23% of GCs and CLOs in the survey reported not receiving any bonus, 17% were awarded bonuses that amounted to 60% or more of their base salary.

Source: 2023 Above the Law and Paragon Legal In-House Compensation Survey Report

The BarkerGilmore 2023 In-House Counsel Compensation Report surveyed over 1,400 GCs and found that the GC salary ranged from $375,000 to $1,103,000. The report showed that compensation for GC varied greatly by type of company and company industry, with public technology companies offering the highest average total compensation at $1,526,000. Private technology company GCs averaged $580,000 in total compensation.

Source: The BarkerGilmore 2023 In-House Counsel Compensation Report

Law360 released its Compensation Report: General Counsel in October 2023, showcasing the compensation for GCs at S&P 500 firms based on US Securities and Exchange Commission filings for fiscal year 2022. 

Their findings revealed that 50% of these corporations reported their GC or CLO as among the top five named executive officers in terms of compensation. This highlights the significant value and compensation associated with the CLO or GC roles at major corporations, particularly in the technology sector, despite the broader economic challenges of 2022. According to the report, the top 10 GC earners of 2022 by total compensation (which included substantial stock awards) were:

• Apple: Kate Adams - $27,147,223
• Alphabet: Kent Walker - $24,451,264
• Amazon: David A. Zapolsky - $18,181,043
• Goldman Sachs: Kathryn Ruemmler - $17,129,562
• Disney: Horacio E. Gutierrez - $15,198,008
• Prologis: Edward Nekritz - $15,021,203
• Oracle: Dorian E. Daley* - $14,879,642
• Broadcom: Mark D. Brazeal - $13,883,483
• Cisco: Dev Stahlkopf - $13,277,746
• Netflix: David Hyman - $13,250,652

Why Would a Company Need Both a CLO and a GC?

So, if there’s overlap between the two roles, why would a company need both? The answer often lies in the organization's complexity. 

Massive corporations operating in various sectors and countries might need a CLO to develop a holistic legal strategy while relying on a GC to handle daily legal intricacies. By splitting these roles, companies can ensure a laser-focused approach to both macro and micro legal concerns.

In some organizations, especially those with larger legal departments comprising at least 30 attorneys, the CEO may opt for both roles. The CLO typically collaborates closely with the board, CEO, and other executive team members, such as the CFO and COO. 

Their primary focus revolves around managing these crucial relationships and addressing overarching issues, such as corporate strategy, organizational growth, and shaping the company’s culture. On the other hand, the GC oversees the entire legal team, managing day-to-day legal operations. In such a setup, the GC reports directly to the CLO.

While similar in many aspects, the CLO and GC serve distinct functions. Generally, the CLO has a bird’s-eye view strategy, and the GC addresses day-to-day legal challenges. Understanding these distinctions can help companies staff their legal departments effectively, thereby securing their operations and promoting future growth.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Main Difference Between a CLO and a GC? 

The CLO is a C-suite executive focused on business strategy, risk management, and advising the board and CEO on high-level decisions, spending only 27% of their time on legal advice. The GC is the primary legal expert for day-to-day operations, handling contracts, compliance, litigation, and managing the legal team with a more hands-on approach to specific legal matters.

Do All Companies Need Both a CLO and a GC? 

No, most companies only need one or the other, depending on their size and complexity. Large multinational corporations with legal departments of 30+ attorneys may benefit from both roles, with the CLO managing strategic relationships with executives and the board, and the GC overseeing daily legal operations. Smaller companies usually have just a GC to handle all legal matters.

Which Role Reports to Whom? 

In organizations with both positions, the GC usually reports to the CLO, who in turn reports to the CEO. When there's only one top legal position, a CLO usually reports to the CEO or board, while a GC may report to either the CEO or, in some structures, to a CLO if that position exists.

How Much Do CLOs and GCs Earn? 

According to 2023 surveys, median compensation is $325,000, with base salaries ranging from under $150,000 to over $400,000 depending on company size, industry, and geography. At major S&P 500 companies, particularly in technology, total compensation packages can exceed $13 million when including bonuses and stock awards, with the highest-paid GCs earning $18-27 million.